The 4D Model for Developing Instructional Media in Islamic Religious Education
Keywords:
4D Model, Instructional Media, Instructional DevelopmentAbstract
This article examines the 4D development model, consisting of Define, Design, Develop, and Disseminate, as a systematic framework for developing instructional media in Islamic Religious Education. The study employed a qualitative literature review based primarily on the work of Thiagarajan, Semmel, and Semmel and the academic publications listed in the attached source concerning the 4D model. The literature was analyzed thematically with attention to the model definition, the Define, Design, Develop, and Disseminate stages, validation, revision, product testing, evaluation, packaging, diffusion, and adoption. The review indicates that Define includes front-end analysis, learner analysis, concept analysis, task analysis, and specifying instructional objectives. Design includes criterion-test construction, media selection, format selection, and initial design. Develop includes expert appraisal, product revision, developmental testing, and product evaluation and refinement. Disseminate includes validation testing, packaging, diffusion and adoption, and adoption evaluation. The 4D model can serve as a structured framework for Islamic Religious Education media development when the stages are aligned with content characteristics, learner characteristics, instructional objectives, and implementation conditions. The model provides a basis for documenting development activities from instructional analysis to wider implementation.
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