Article Retraction & Withdrawal

Corrections and Expressions of Concern may also be published whenever necessary.

An article may be retracted if:

• Evidence of plagiarism is found.
• Research data are fabricated or falsified.
• Ethical violations occur.
• Serious methodological errors invalidate the findings.

Retracted articles remain accessible with a clear Retracted watermark and an official retraction statement to preserve the scholarly record.

Withdrawal before publication may be permitted only with strong justification and approval from the Editor-in-Chief.